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business cluster
A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field. Clusters are considered to increase the productivity with which companies can compete, nationally and globally.〔JANUŠKA, M. Communication as a key factor in Virtual Enterprise paradigm support. In Innovation and Knowledge Management: A Global Competitive Advantage. Kuala Lumpur: International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA), 2011. s. 1-9. ISBN 978-0-9821489-5-2〕〔JANUŠKA, M., KURKIN, O., MILLER, A. Communication Environment for Small and Medium Enterprises. Ibima Business Review, 2011, s. 1-8. ISSN: 1947-3788〕〔Porter, Michael Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy|journal=Economic Development Quarterly, vol 14, no.1, pp 15-34, 2000 ()〕 In urban studies, the term agglomeration is used.〔Porter, M. E. 1998, Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec98, Vol. 76 Issue 6, p77,〕 Clusters are also very important aspects of strategic management.
== Concept ==
The term business cluster, also known as an industry cluster, competitive cluster, or Porterian cluster, was introduced and popularized by Michael Porter in ''The Competitive Advantage of Nations'' (1990).〔Porter, M.E. (1990). ''The Competitive Advantage of Nations''. New York: The Free Press. 1–857 pgs.〕 The importance of economic geography, or more correctly geographical economics, was also brought to attention by Paul Krugman in ''Geography and Trade'' (1991).〔Krugman, P. (1991). ''Geography and Trade''. MIT Press. 1-142pg.〕 Cluster development has since become a focus for many government programs. The underlying concept, which economists have referred to as agglomeration economies, dates back to 1890, and the work of Alfred Marshall.
Michael Porter claims that clusters have the potential to affect competition in three ways: by increasing the productivity of the companies in the cluster, by driving innovation in the field, and by stimulating new businesses in the field. According to Porter, in the modern global economy, comparative advantage—how certain locations have special endowments (i.e., harbor, cheap labor) to overcome heavy input costs—is less relevant. Now, competitive advantage—how companies make productive use of inputs, requiring continual innovation—is more important.〔 Porter argues that economic activities are embedded in social activities; that 'social glue binds clusters together'. This is supported by recent research showing that particularly in regional and rural areas, significantly more innovation takes place in communities which have stronger inter-personal networks.
Put in another way, a business cluster is a geographical location where enough resources and competences amass reach a critical threshold, giving it a ''key position'' in a given economic branch of activity, and with a decisive ''sustainable competitive advantage'' over other places, or even a world supremacy in that field (e.g. Silicon Valley and Hollywood).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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